AP European History Full-length practice exam 1

Nicolaus Copernicus's heliocentric model, proposed in De Revolutionibus (1543), challenged which long-standing European cosmological authority?

The Congress of Berlin (1878) is significant in the history of 19th-century European imperialism primarily because it:

A parliamentary report from the 1840s states: "Children as young as seven are employed in coal mines twelve hours per day; they crawl in passages too narrow for adults, harnessed to wagons of coal." This evidence most directly supports which historical argument about early industrialization?

Hitler's Final Solution to the 'Jewish Question' escalated from persecution and exclusion (1933–1941) to systematic mass murder (1941–1945). Which factor most directly precipitated the genocide's radicalization?

John Calvin's doctrine of predestination taught that:

The Dreyfus Affair (1894–1906) in France revealed deep social divisions primarily between:

The 1979 Iranian Revolution and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan demonstrate which pattern in Cold War geopolitics?

The concept of total war, as practiced during WWI and WWII, represented a fundamental departure from 19th-century warfare primarily because it:

Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws (1748) proposed the doctrine of separation of powers. His primary concern was to prevent:

Which of the following best explains why Bismarck's Kulturkampf against German Catholics (1871–1878) ultimately failed?

Metternich's Concert of Europe and the policy of intervention adopted at Troppau (1820) represented which approach to post-Napoleonic European order?

Louis XIV's famous statement "L'état, c'est moi" ("I am the state") best reflects which political theory?

The encomienda system established by Spain in its American colonies most directly reflected which aspect of Renaissance-era European expansion?

Enlightenment thinkers generally characterized the Middle Ages as a period of "darkness" and superstition. A historian critical of this view would most likely point out that:

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, triggered the First World War through which sequence of events?

The policy of appeasement pursued by Britain and France toward Nazi Germany in the late 1930s was motivated primarily by which combination of factors?

The Marshall Plan (1948) was significant in Cold War history primarily because it:

The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) was organized around which primary principle in reshaping post-Napoleonic Europe?

Chartism in Britain (c. 1838–1857) is best characterized as:

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses (1517) were primarily directed against which church practice?

Utopian socialists such as Robert Owen and Charles Fourier differed from Marxist socialists primarily in their belief that:

The Truman Doctrine (1947) represented a significant shift in American foreign policy by declaring that the United States would:

Napoleon's legal legacy is most enduring in the:

Enlightened monarchs such as Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia differed from their absolutist predecessors primarily in that they:

The Weimar Republic (1919–1933) is often cited as an example of democracy's vulnerability in conditions of crisis. Which combination of structural weaknesses best explains its failure?

Francis Bacon and René Descartes both contributed to the Scientific Revolution, but through different methodological emphases. Bacon stressed induction from observation, while Descartes stressed deduction from first principles. A historian might argue that Bacon's approach most directly contributed to which scientific practice?

Which of the following best describes the concept of humanism as practiced by Renaissance scholars such as Petrarch and Erasmus?

Britain became the first country to industrialize in the late 18th century primarily because of which combination of factors?

Radical reformers such as the Anabaptists were persecuted by both Catholics and mainstream Protestants primarily because they:

The Peace of Augsburg (1555) resolved religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire by establishing which principle?

Napoleon's Continental System (1806–1813) was designed to:

The Council of Trent (1545–1563) is best understood as the centerpiece of the Catholic Reformation because it:

The concept of 'Europeanization'—the process by which EU membership transforms member states' institutions, policies, and identities—is most directly contested by the emergence of which contemporary phenomenon?

The Nazi regime's propaganda, as analyzed by historians of Nazism, succeeded in mobilizing popular support in Germany primarily through which mechanism?

A historian argues that the Protestant Reformation succeeded in some regions and failed in others primarily because of how it intersected with the political interests of local rulers. Which of the following cases best supports this argument?

The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 is significant in the history of European imperialism primarily because it:

The Reign of Terror (1793–1794), during which the Committee of Public Safety executed thousands, was justified by Robespierre primarily through which argument?

Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in the late 1980s produced an outcome he did not intend, namely:

The Jesuit order (Society of Jesus), founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, contributed to the Catholic Reformation primarily through:

The German economist Friedrich List, writing in the 1840s, rejected free trade theory and argued that developing nations needed protective tariffs. Which of the following historical developments most directly vindicated List's argument rather than Ricardo's free-trade position?

The fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, marked the beginning of a rapid collapse of communist regimes across Eastern Europe. Historians explain this simultaneity primarily by arguing that:

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 is considered "glorious" primarily because it:

A historian comparing English constitutionalism and French absolutism argues that the decisive variable was not ideology but the structural capacity of representative institutions to resist royal centralization. Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports this argument?

The French Constitution of 1791 established a constitutional monarchy based on the principle of national sovereignty. Which of the following developments best illustrates why this moderate solution quickly gave way to more radical republicanism?

Which of the following best explains why the Western Front quickly became a stalemate of trench warfare after the initial German advance in 1914?

Stalin's collectivization of Soviet agriculture (1929–1933) caused the most catastrophic consequences in which of the following ways?

The 'New Imperialism' of the 1880s–1914 differed from earlier 19th-century European expansionism in that it was characterized by:

Decolonization in Africa and Asia between 1945 and 1975 most directly challenged European powers because it:

The Russian boyar aristocracy's resistance to Peter the Great's reforms was most fundamentally based on their objection to:

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) is considered a turning point in European political history primarily because it:

Social Darwinism, as applied to European imperialism in the late 19th century, most commonly argued that:

Which of the following best explains why absolutism was stronger in France and Prussia than in the Dutch Republic and England during the 17th century?

A document from 1529 signed by several German princes reads: "We protest against this decision, which deprives us of our authority to govern the faith of our territories as we see fit." The princes were most likely protesting:

The Prague Spring of 1968 in Czechoslovakia was significant in Cold War history primarily because:

Karl Marx argued that industrial capitalism was characterized by which fundamental relationship between capitalists and workers?