AP European History Full-length practice exam 3

Thomas Hobbes argued in Leviathan (1651) that an absolute sovereign was necessary because, without it, human life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." Which of the following most directly challenged Hobbes's justification for absolute authority?

John Calvin's doctrine of predestination taught that:

Hitler's foreign policy victories between 1933 and 1938—remilitarizing the Rhineland, annexing Austria (Anschluss), and acquiring the Sudetenland—succeeded primarily because:

The Dutch Republic in the 17th century achieved an unusual combination of commercial prosperity and political decentralization that allowed it to resist Spanish rule and compete with larger monarchies. Which of the following best accounts for this success?

The Reign of Terror (1793–1794), during which the Committee of Public Safety executed thousands, was justified by Robespierre primarily through which argument?

Radical reformers such as the Anabaptists were persecuted by both Catholics and mainstream Protestants primarily because they:

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) drew most directly on which intellectual tradition?

Historians debate whether the French Revolution should be understood as the product of Enlightenment ideas or of social and fiscal crises in the old-regime state. Which of the following types of evidence most strongly supports the social-fiscal explanation over the ideological one?

Which of the following best explains why absolutism was stronger in France and Prussia than in the Dutch Republic and England during the 17th century?

Liberal political economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo generally argued that the appropriate governmental response to industrial poverty was:

The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) posed the most fundamental challenge to the French Republic's ideals because it:

Karl Marx argued that industrial capitalism was characterized by which fundamental relationship between capitalists and workers?

The development of railways in Europe between 1830 and 1870 transformed the economy most significantly by:

The Council of Trent (1545–1563) is best understood as the centerpiece of the Catholic Reformation because it:

Peter the Great of Russia pursued his modernization program (c. 1700–1725) primarily by:

The policy of appeasement pursued by Britain and France toward Nazi Germany in the late 1930s was motivated primarily by which combination of factors?

Romanticism as a cultural movement in the early 19th century can best be understood as a reaction against:

Chartism in Britain (c. 1838–1857) is best characterized as:

Louis XIV's famous statement "L'état, c'est moi" ("I am the state") best reflects which political theory?

The wave of late 19th-century nationalist movements in Central and Eastern Europe posed the most fundamental challenge to the Austrian Habsburg Empire because:

The Scientific Revolution's impact on European religious thought in the 17th–18th centuries most often took the form of:

The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) was organized around which primary principle in reshaping post-Napoleonic Europe?

The Marshall Plan (1948) was significant in Cold War history primarily because it:

Which of the following best explains why the Western Front quickly became a stalemate of trench warfare after the initial German advance in 1914?

Realist literature and painting in mid-19th-century Europe differed from Romanticism primarily in its focus on:

The Truman Doctrine (1947) represented a significant shift in American foreign policy by declaring that the United States would:

Nicolaus Copernicus's heliocentric model, proposed in De Revolutionibus (1543), challenged which long-standing European cosmological authority?

Ulrich Zwingli's reformation in Zurich differed from Luther's in its approach to the Eucharist in that Zwingli argued:

The Russian boyar aristocracy's resistance to Peter the Great's reforms was most fundamentally based on their objection to:

Mussolini's rise to power in Italy by 1922 illustrates which pattern that would recur in fascist movements across interwar Europe?

Louis XIV's decision to revoke the Edict of Nantes in 1685 had which of the following economic consequences for France?

Renaissance artists and architects in Italy frequently drew on classical Roman models. Which of the following best explains why classical antiquity held such authority for Renaissance intellectuals?

The Jesuit order (Society of Jesus), founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, contributed to the Catholic Reformation primarily through:

A document from 1529 signed by several German princes reads: "We protest against this decision, which deprives us of our authority to govern the faith of our territories as we see fit." The princes were most likely protesting:

The Reform Act of 1832 in Britain extended voting rights primarily to:

The Prague Spring of 1968 in Czechoslovakia was significant in Cold War history primarily because:

Which of the following best explains why Portugal took the lead in Atlantic exploration during the early 15th century?

John Locke argued that governments derive their legitimate authority from:

The encomienda system established by Spain in its American colonies most directly reflected which aspect of Renaissance-era European expansion?

The unification of Italy (Risorgimento) succeeded in 1861 largely because of the cooperation of which three forces?

Britain became the first country to industrialize in the late 18th century primarily because of which combination of factors?

The concept of 'Europeanization'—the process by which EU membership transforms member states' institutions, policies, and identities—is most directly contested by the emergence of which contemporary phenomenon?

The Treaty of Versailles (1919) imposed which conditions on Germany that contributed to later political instability?

Louis XIV's construction of the Palace of Versailles served which political function beyond mere display of royal magnificence?

The Holocaust's implementation across occupied Europe depended on more than a small number of SS perpetrators. Historians such as Christopher Browning have documented that ordinary men participated in mass killing. Which of the following best represents the scholarly debate this evidence has generated?

The painting style of Italian Renaissance masters such as Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael differed from medieval art primarily in its use of:

Napoleon's Continental System (1806–1813) was designed to:

An excerpt from a 1520 pamphlet reads: "The prince must learn to use both the beast and the man… He must be a fox to recognize traps, and a lion to frighten wolves." This advice most closely reflects the political philosophy of:

Which of the following best explains why Bismarck's Kulturkampf against German Catholics (1871–1878) ultimately failed?

Enlightened monarchs such as Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia differed from their absolutist predecessors primarily in that they:

Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws (1748) proposed the doctrine of separation of powers. His primary concern was to prevent:

The English Reformation under Henry VIII differed most fundamentally from the Lutheran and Calvinist reformations in that it:

A parliamentary report from the 1840s states: "Children as young as seven are employed in coal mines twelve hours per day; they crawl in passages too narrow for adults, harnessed to wagons of coal." This evidence most directly supports which historical argument about early industrialization?

The Dreyfus Affair (1894–1906) in France revealed deep social divisions primarily between:

Historians debate whether the standard of living for British industrial workers improved or declined during the early Industrial Revolution (roughly 1790–1850). Which of the following types of evidence would most directly support the "pessimist" position that workers were worse off?