AP European History Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments

Enlightenment thinkers generally characterized the Middle Ages as a period of "darkness" and superstition. A historian critical of this view would most likely point out that:

Francis Bacon and René Descartes both contributed to the Scientific Revolution, but through different methodological emphases. Bacon stressed induction from observation, while Descartes stressed deduction from first principles. A historian might argue that Bacon's approach most directly contributed to which scientific practice?

Nicolaus Copernicus's heliocentric model, proposed in De Revolutionibus (1543), challenged which long-standing European cosmological authority?

Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws (1748) proposed the doctrine of separation of powers. His primary concern was to prevent:

Galileo's conflict with the Roman Inquisition in 1633 is often cited as evidence of tension between science and religion. A historian taking a more nuanced view would argue that Galileo's trial was also significantly shaped by which other factors?

The Scientific Revolution's impact on European religious thought in the 17th–18th centuries most often took the form of:

John Locke argued that governments derive their legitimate authority from:

The Encyclopédie edited by Diderot and d'Alembert (1751–1772) was politically subversive primarily because it:

Enlightened monarchs such as Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia differed from their absolutist predecessors primarily in that they:

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's political philosophy differed most fundamentally from Locke's in Rousseau's claim that:

Voltaire's Candide (1759) was fundamentally a satirical attack on which philosophical position?

Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687) is considered a culmination of the Scientific Revolution primarily because it: