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AP European History Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century

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Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century

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Question 1

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) drew most directly on which intellectual tradition?

A.Enlightenment natural rights theory, particularly Locke's ideas about liberty and political consentB.Medieval French constitutional tradition, particularly the customs of the Estates-GeneralC.Protestant Reformation theology, particularly Calvinist ideas about individual conscienceD.Mercantilist economic theory, which demanded free trade and the abolition of royal economic monopolies

Question 2

Napoleon's 1812 Russian campaign is considered the decisive turning point in his downfall primarily because:

A.Russia's scorched-earth strategy and winter conditions destroyed the Grand Army, eliminating France's military superiority and triggering the Sixth CoalitionB.The defeat caused the French army to mutiny and the Directory to reclaim power, stripping Napoleon of his political baseC.Britain successfully invaded France from the English Channel while the Grand Army was tied down in RussiaD.The Russian tsar converted Russia's entire serf population into a free military force that outnumbered the Grand Army

Question 3

The Reign of Terror (1793–1794), during which the Committee of Public Safety executed thousands, was justified by Robespierre primarily through which argument?

A.Emergency measures were necessary to defend the Republic from foreign invasion and internal counterrevolutionB.The executions were acts of Christian penitence required to restore moral order after the Revolution's excessesC.The king had been restored and military tribunals were required under the laws of warD.The Thermidorian Reaction required extreme measures to preserve the gains of the moderate phase

Question 4

The French Constitution of 1791 established a constitutional monarchy based on the principle of national sovereignty. Which of the following developments best illustrates why this moderate solution quickly gave way to more radical republicanism?

A.Louis XVI's attempted flight to the Austrian border in June 1791 revealed that he could not be trusted as a constitutional monarchB.The Girondins' control of the Legislative Assembly made constitutional monarchy impossible by refusing to work with the kingC.The September Massacres demonstrated that Parisian crowds preferred immediate execution over legal processD.The Gironde's military defeats in the war with Austria convinced moderates that radical measures were needed

Question 5

Napoleon's legal legacy is most enduring in the:

A.Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804), which standardized property rights, abolished feudal privilege, and established equality before the law across France and conquered territoriesB.Establishment of the metric system as the universal standard of measurement in EuropeC.The Continental System's trade regulations, which permanently reshaped European commerceD.His revision of the French constitution to give the Senate lifetime legislative authority independent of the executive

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Question 6

Historians debate whether the French Revolution should be understood as the product of Enlightenment ideas or of social and fiscal crises in the old-regime state. Which of the following types of evidence most strongly supports the social-fiscal explanation over the ideological one?

A.The philosophes' explicit calls for revolution in writings from the 1750s–1780sB.The Crown's fiscal bankruptcy by 1788 from war debt, and the failure of multiple reform attempts that were blocked by the privileged orders (nobility and clergy)C.The broad popular enthusiasm for Voltaire and Rousseau among Parisian artisans and peasants before 1789D.The Revolutionary Assembly's citation of natural rights doctrine in the Declaration of the Rights of Man

Question 7

The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) posed the most fundamental challenge to the French Republic's ideals because it:

A.Demonstrated that enslaved Africans would apply the Revolution's language of liberty and rights to demand freedom from French colonial slaveryB.Showed that Caribbean colonies could survive without French military protection against British naval powerC.Proved that Enlightenment philosophy could not travel beyond Europe because it depended on European cultural preconditionsD.Established that French colonial administration was inherently more brutal than that of Britain or Spain

Question 8

A pamphlet from the early 1790s argued: "The National Assembly has declared the rights of citizens but forgotten the rights of women. Can the nation be free while half its members live under the authority of their husbands?" This argument most directly reflects which development associated with the French Revolution?

A.The tension between the Revolution's universal rights language and its exclusion of women from full citizenshipB.The Jacobin program of dechristianization, which attacked the Church's authority over family lifeC.The Directory's attempt to stabilize the Revolution by restoring traditional family structuresD.Napoleon's Civil Code, which explicitly restricted women's property and legal rights

Question 9

Metternich's Concert of Europe and the policy of intervention adopted at Troppau (1820) represented which approach to post-Napoleonic European order?

A.Collective great-power intervention to suppress liberal and nationalist revolts that threatened restored conservative regimesB.A multilateral commitment to promote constitutional government across Europe as a bulwark against revolutionary excessC.British-led free trade liberalism that sought to reduce tariffs and promote economic interdependenceD.Democratic self-determination, allowing revolutions that gained popular majorities to claim international recognition

Question 10

The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) was organized around which primary principle in reshaping post-Napoleonic Europe?

A.Legitimacy and the balance of power, aimed at restoring traditional monarchies and preventing any single state from dominating EuropeB.National self-determination, allowing each ethnic group to govern itself as an independent stateC.Democratic constitutionalism, requiring all restored monarchies to adopt elected parliamentsD.Economic integration through a European free-trade zone to prevent future conflicts over commerce

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Question 11

The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, is significant as a symbol of the French Revolution primarily because:

A.It represented popular defiance of royal authority and the old regime, becoming the founding moment of the RevolutionB.It freed thousands of political prisoners and provided the revolutionary forces with weapons to defeat the royal armyC.It was the moment when Louis XVI was captured, tried, and sentenced to deathD.It marked the formal abolition of the feudal system and the privileges of the French nobility

Question 12

Napoleon's Continental System (1806–1813) was designed to:

A.Blockade British trade by preventing European ports from receiving British goods, thereby strangling the British economyB.Create a European customs union that would generate revenue for the Napoleonic EmpireC.Promote French agricultural exports by excluding cheaper Russian and Prussian grain from European marketsD.Force neutral states to join Napoleon's military alliance against the Third Coalition

AP European History Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century — Free with Answer Explanations | Test Practice Hub