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AP Psychology Unit 3: Development and Learning

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Unit 3: Development and Learning

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Question 1

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment provided evidence for observational learning. Which of the following findings from that study best supports the concept of vicarious reinforcement?

A.Children who were directly rewarded for aggression showed more aggression than children who were not rewarded.B.Children who observed a model being rewarded for aggression showed more aggression than those who observed the model being punished.C.Children imitated the model's aggression only when the model was of the same sex.D.Children who were verbally instructed to be aggressive showed more aggression than those who merely observed.

Question 2

Erik Erikson proposed eight psychosocial stages. A 70-year-old professor reviews his career with deep satisfaction and few regrets. According to Erikson, this person has successfully resolved which stage?

A.Generativity vs. StagnationB.Intimacy vs. IsolationC.Industry vs. InferiorityD.Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Question 3

A rat in a Skinner box presses a lever and receives a food pellet. Over time, lever-pressing increases. If pressing the lever now causes a mild electric shock instead of food, lever-pressing will decrease through the process of:

A.ExtinctionB.Negative reinforcementC.Positive punishmentD.Negative punishment

Question 4

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure identified different attachment styles. An infant who explores freely when the caregiver is present, protests briefly when the caregiver leaves, and quickly calms and resumes play when the caregiver returns shows which attachment pattern?

A.Anxious-ambivalent (resistant) attachmentB.Avoidant attachmentC.Disorganized attachmentD.Secure attachment

Question 5

After receiving a painful injection at the doctor's office, a toddler begins to cry at the sight of the white lab coat, even before anything happens. Which term describes the white coat in this scenario?

A.Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)B.Unconditioned response (UCR)C.Conditioned stimulus (CS)D.Conditioned response (CR)

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Question 6

A four-year-old watches an adult hide candy under a cup while a second adult is out of the room. When asked where the absent adult will look for the candy upon returning, the four-year-old says, 'Under the cup, where it really is.' This response demonstrates the child has NOT yet developed:

A.Object permanenceB.Theory of mind (false belief understanding)C.ConservationD.Formal operational thinking

Question 7

A fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule delivers a reward after a set number of responses. Compared to a variable-ratio schedule, fixed-ratio schedules produce which pattern of responding?

A.Steady, slow responding with high resistance to extinctionB.High, steady responding that is most resistant to extinctionC.Rapid responding with a post-reinforcement pause, and less resistant to extinction than variable-ratioD.Low, irregular responding that stops and starts unpredictably

Question 8

Kohlberg presented the Heinz dilemma (stealing a drug to save a spouse) to assess moral reasoning. A person who reasons 'Heinz should steal because the law fails to account for every special case, and higher moral principles take precedence over legal rules' is operating at which level?

A.Preconventional — punishment and obedienceB.Preconventional — instrumental purposeC.Conventional — law and order orientationD.Postconventional — social contract and individual rights

Question 9

According to Piaget, a child who can think logically about concrete objects but cannot yet reason about abstract hypothetical situations is in which cognitive stage?

A.Sensorimotor stageB.Preoperational stageC.Concrete operational stageD.Formal operational stage

Question 10

Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) describes the range of tasks that:

A.A child can complete independently without any assistanceB.A child cannot complete even with adult guidanceC.A child can complete with guidance but not yet independentlyD.An adult finds frustrating when teaching a child

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Question 11

Harlow's studies of rhesus monkeys raised with wire versus cloth surrogate mothers showed that when frightened, monkeys clung to the cloth mother even when only the wire mother provided food. This finding challenged which prior assumption about attachment?

A.That attachment develops through imprinting within a critical periodB.That attachment forms primarily through secondary reinforcement associated with feedingC.That monkeys are incapable of forming social bonds with non-living objectsD.That contact comfort is irrelevant to emotional development

Question 12

A child watches her older brother jam his finger in a car door and cry. For several weeks, she refuses to approach cars. She has not jammed her own finger. Which learning explanation best accounts for her new fear response?

A.Classical conditioning — she was directly conditioned by seeing the carB.Operant conditioning — she is avoiding punishmentC.Observational learning (vicarious classical conditioning)D.Insight learning — she reasoned that cars cause pain

AP Psychology Unit 3: Development and Learning — Free with Answer Explanations | Test Practice Hub