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AP Psychology Unit 4: Social Psychology and Personality

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Unit 4: Social Psychology and Personality

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Question 1

After a football game, fans of the winning team say 'We won!' while fans of the losing team say 'They lost.' This tendency is an example of:

A.The fundamental attribution errorB.Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)C.The self-serving biasD.Deindividuation

Question 2

A manager attributes her team's poor quarterly performance entirely to her employees' laziness, ignoring the tight deadlines and insufficient resources they faced. This attribution error is called:

A.The actor-observer biasB.The self-serving biasC.The fundamental attribution error (FAE)D.Confirmation bias

Question 3

A researcher assigns participants to be either 'guards' or 'prisoners' in a simulated prison and finds that the guards quickly began abusing power and the prisoners became submissive. This describes Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment. Its primary psychological lesson is that:

A.People selected for aggressive personality traits will naturally abuse authority.B.Situational roles and social context powerfully shape behavior, overriding individual dispositions.C.Obedience to authority requires direct commands from a legitimate authority figure.D.Group polarization leads individuals to adopt extreme positions when discussing risks.

Question 4

Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance predicts that when people behave in ways inconsistent with their attitudes, they will:

A.Increase the behavior to resolve the inconsistencyB.Change their attitudes to align with the behaviorC.Seek social support for their original attitudeD.Experience positive emotions from acting contrary to beliefs

Question 5

Muzafer Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment demonstrated that intergroup conflict could be reduced most effectively by:

A.Increasing contact between the groups through joint social eventsB.Introducing superordinate goals that required intergroup cooperationC.Separating the groups into completely isolated environmentsD.Publicly acknowledging the outgroup's superior performance in competitions

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Question 6

Solomon Asch's conformity experiments involved participants judging the lengths of lines while confederates gave obviously wrong answers. The key finding was that:

A.People conformed to authority figures even when it meant hurting others.B.A significant proportion of participants conformed to an incorrect group consensus on an unambiguous perceptual task.C.Participants refused to conform when they could see the lines clearly.D.Conformity increased when the group consisted of experts.

Question 7

In Milgram's obedience experiments, what factor most reliably reduced participants' compliance with the experimenter's commands to administer shocks?

A.Moving the study to a less prestigious locationB.Increasing the voltage on the shock generatorC.Placing the learner in the same room as the participant (proximity)D.Telling participants they were free to stop at any time

Question 8

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Rogers's person-centered therapy both belong to which broad personality tradition?

A.Psychodynamic perspectiveB.Trait perspectiveC.Humanistic perspectiveD.Social-cognitive perspective

Question 9

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, a person who repeatedly makes self-defeating decisions after a painful divorce is unconsciously recreating familiar patterns from childhood. This dynamic best illustrates which Freudian concept?

A.SublimationB.TransferenceC.ProjectionD.Repetition compulsion driven by the unconscious

Question 10

William James and Walter Cannon debated the sequence of events in emotional experience. James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory differ in that James-Lange argues:

A.Emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously and independently, triggered by the thalamus.B.Cognitive labeling of arousal determines the specific emotion experienced.C.Physiological arousal precedes and causes emotional experience; we feel afraid because we tremble.D.Emotions are entirely social constructions without any physiological component.

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Question 11

A researcher wants to assess personality using the Big Five (OCEAN) model. A participant scores very high on Neuroticism and very low on Agreeableness. Which behavioral profile is most consistent with these scores?

A.The person is creative, open to new experiences, and comfortable with ambiguity.B.The person is emotionally volatile and prone to conflict; may come across as antagonistic and skeptical.C.The person is organized, reliable, and disciplined in achieving goals.D.The person is outgoing, energetic, and enjoys being around large groups of people.

Question 12

Bandura's concept of self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in their ability to execute behaviors necessary for a specific outcome. Which factor does Bandura identify as the most powerful source of self-efficacy?

A.Verbal persuasion from an authority figureB.Physiological arousal during performanceC.Vicarious experience (modeling)D.Mastery experiences (direct personal successes)

AP Psychology Unit 4: Social Psychology and Personality — Free with Answer Explanations | Test Practice Hub