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AP United States History Unit 6: Period 6: 1865–1898

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Unit 6: Period 6: 1865–1898

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Question 1

How did patterns of industrial labor in the Gilded Age create conditions that led to the rise of organized labor movements?

A.Industrialization raised wages so dramatically that workers could organize from a position of economic securityB.Long hours, dangerous conditions, child labor, and wage cuts in economic downturns drove workers to organize for collective bargaining powerC.Employers voluntarily recognized unions because they understood collective bargaining led to higher productivityD.The federal government actively supported labor organizing through favorable legislation throughout the Gilded Age

Question 2

Which of the following best explains why the federal government's policy toward the Plains Indians after 1865 shifted toward forced reservation confinement?

A.Plains Indian nations had launched major unprovoked offensives that forced a defensive military responseB.Railroad construction, cattle ranching, and white settlement required access to Plains land, and the government forced Native peoples onto smaller reservations to clear the wayC.Plains Indians voluntarily chose reservation life as a refuge from increasing drought and bison scarcityD.The federal government acted to protect Plains Indians from violence by white settlers by creating protected reservation zones

Question 3

Andrew Carnegie argued in his 1889 essay that wealthy industrialists had a duty to use their fortunes for public benefit. This 'Gospel of Wealth' philosophy most directly served to:

A.Justify high corporate wages and profit-sharing with workers as the primary obligation of wealthB.Justify vast wealth concentration by arguing that the wealthy were best positioned to administer charitable benefits for societyC.Support Socialist arguments that industrial profits should be redistributed equally among all citizensD.Provide a religious argument for government regulation of monopolies to protect public interests

Question 4

The Dawes Act of 1887 aimed to 'Americanize' Native peoples primarily by:

A.Granting Native peoples full U.S. citizenship immediately without conditionsB.Breaking up communally held reservation land into individual family allotments, destroying tribal landholding while transferring 'surplus' land to white settlersC.Creating a system of autonomous Native American territorial governments modeled on state governmentsD.Funding the construction of separate Native American schools in each state where reservation populations lived

Question 5

Which of the following best characterizes the 'New Immigration' of the 1880s–1910s compared to earlier immigration waves?

A.The new immigrants came primarily from Northern and Western Europe and easily assimilated into mainstream Protestant cultureB.The new immigrants came primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe — Italians, Poles, Russians, Jews — and faced nativist hostility based on language, religion, and perceived racial differenceC.The new immigrants were primarily skilled professionals seeking specific employment in American industriesD.The new immigration was welcomed by all Americans as proof of democratic opportunity

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Question 6

The formation of the Populist Party in 1892 most directly reflected the grievances of:

A.Urban industrial workers seeking shorter hours, higher wages, and the right to organize unionsB.Southern and Western farmers who felt economically exploited by railroads, banks, and deflationary monetary policyC.Eastern business interests seeking lower tariffs to increase international tradeD.Recent immigrants in Northern cities demanding political representation and labor protections

Question 7

The Gilded Age's massive corporate mergers and trust formation prompted federal regulation primarily through which early legislative response?

A.The Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), which attempted to regulate railroads and break up monopoliesB.The Federal Reserve Act (1913), which created a central banking system to prevent financial monopoliesC.A constitutional amendment banning corporate monopolies from interstate commerceD.Supreme Court decisions that successfully broke up Standard Oil, the Steel Trust, and the Sugar Trust in the 1880s

Question 8

The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) had which lasting consequence for American society?

A.It ended the legal basis for segregation by ruling that racial separation was inherently unequalB.It provided the constitutional framework for Jim Crow segregation by upholding 'separate but equal' as consistent with the 14th AmendmentC.It limited segregation to railroads and did not apply to schools, housing, or other public facilitiesD.It was immediately condemned by all major political parties and quickly reversed by Congress

Question 9

How did the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 transform the American West?

A.It primarily benefited small farmers by reducing the cost of shipping their produce to Eastern marketsB.It accelerated the destruction of bison herds, enabled mass white settlement, facilitated the cattle industry, and integrated the Western economy into national markets at the expense of Native peoplesC.It primarily transported manufactured goods from East to West with little effect on Western raw material extractionD.It created sustainable, diverse regional economies that protected Western communities from the volatility of national markets

Question 10

Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise speech of 1895 argued that Black Americans should prioritize which path to advancement?

A.Immediate political equality and voting rights as the foundation for all other advancementB.Vocational and agricultural training to build economic self-sufficiency before seeking political equalityC.Migration to Northern cities to escape Southern racial violence and access industrial employmentD.Legal challenges to segregation through the federal courts as the most efficient path to equality

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Question 11

Social Darwinism, as applied to Gilded Age society by thinkers like Herbert Spencer, was used primarily to argue that:

A.Government should redistribute wealth to help the poor overcome natural disadvantagesB.Economic inequality reflected natural law; government intervention to help the poor violated the principle of 'survival of the fittest'C.Darwin's evolution theory proved that all human races were equally capable and deserving of rightsD.Industrial corporations should be regulated to prevent monopolies from distorting the competitive selection process

Question 12

A labor organizer speaking in Chicago in 1886 declared: 'Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we will!' This slogan addressed which fundamental tension of industrial capitalism?

A.Whether workers should receive wages in gold or silver currency during the monetary debates of the 1890sB.The conflict between employers' maximization of labor output and workers' claims to time for self-development, family, and civic life outside workC.The question of whether immigrant workers should receive equal wages to native-born workersD.The debate over whether the government should own and operate industrial enterprises on behalf of workers

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